Archive for May, 2008

Evolution of morality

Sunday, May 11th, 2008

In my university days I would often have philosophical debates with religious friends. One of them once tried to convince that, if there was no God, there would be no reason to "be good" - that the root of morality had to be spiritual in nature.

As reasons for believing in Gods go, that one seems to be a particularly bad one. Most atheists don't go around raping and murdering people.

My friend presented me with a thought experiment. "Suppose you could kill someone you didn't like, in such a way that it would be provably impossible for anyone to find out it was you - would you do it? A Christian wouldn't, because it's against the wish of God, but an atheist would have no such compunction." Well, first of all it's ridiculous to speculate about an impossible hypothetical situation - no matter what form the proof took, it's impossible to be sure that no mistake was made and that you could never be found out, so as far as you can tell there is always an element of risk. Also, my friend was effectively arguing that the only reason he wouldn't kill is because someone (God, if no-one else) would always find out and dole out punishment. Avoiding a potential punishment seems to me to be the least moral reason for avoiding murdering people - the golden rule is a much better one.

My friend could not conceive of how a sense of morality could have arisen in the human race by evolution alone. But after a small amount of though I realized that there are many evolutionary advantages to helping the other members of your community. If you help your community, the community as a whole is strengthened. The other members of this community are likely to share more of your DNA than members of rival communities. So any advantage to your community improves your DNA's chance of surviving and reproducing. Thus, communities with a sense of morality will tend to be favored by the evolutionary process over communities with no sense of morality.

It isn't just individual survival and reproduction that drive evolution - groups of related individuals exhibit all prerequisites for evolution as well (variation in hereditary characteristics producing survival and reproduction advantages) so social behavior can evolve just as well as body shape.

In order to evolve, social behavior does not have to be encoded in DNA. Ideas can (and do) evolve and propagate just as genes do. The human mind provides an environment that is fertile for memes to breed and evolve. This is good, as speeding memetic evolution gives a survival advantage for our species (arguably, it the one thing that has allowed us to be so spectacularly more successful in control and adaptation than any other).

But just as we apparently have some "junk DNA" in our chromosomes which is reproduced faithfully but doesn't actually do anything useful, we may have accumulated some "junk memes" as well. Perhaps these aided our survivability in the past but now serve no useful purpose. I'll leave you to speculate as to what these memes may be.

The Land of Infinite Fun

Saturday, May 10th, 2008

I've only read one of Iain M. Banks's books Excession) so far but hopefully I will get around to reading some more, because the guy has an incredible imagination. One concept in particular has stuck with me:

Technically, it was a branch of metamathematics, usually called metamathics. Metamathics; the investigation of the properties of Realities (more correctly, Reality-fields) intrinsically unknowable by and from our own, but whose general principles could be hazarded at. Metamathics led to everything else, it led to the places that nobody else had ever seen or heard of or previously imagined.

It was like living half your life in a tiny, stuffy, warm grey box, and being moderately happy in there because you knew no better. and then discovering a little hole in one corner of the box, a tiny opening which you could get a finger into, and tease and pull at, so that eventually you created a tear, which led to a greater tear, which led to the box falling apart around you. so that you stepped out of the tiny box's confines into startlingly cool, clear fresh air and found yourself on top of a mountain, surrounded by deep valleys, sighing forests, soaring peaks, glittering lakes, sparkling snowfields and a stunning, breathtakingly blue sky. And that, of course, wasn't even the start of the real story, that was more like the breath that is drawn in before the first syllable of the first word of the first paragraph of the first chapter of the first book of the first volume of the story.

Metamathics led to the Mind equivalent of that experience, repeated a million times, magnified a billion times, and then beyond, to configurations of wonder and bliss even the simplest abstract of which the human-basic brain had no conceivable way of comprehending. It was like a drug; an ultimately liberating, utterly enhancing, unadulterably beneficial, overpoweringly glorious drug for the intellect of machines as far beyond the sagacity of the human mind as they were beyond its understanding. This was the way the Minds spent their time. They imagined entirely new universes with altered physical laws, and played with them, lived in them and tinkered with them, sometimes setting up the conditions for life, sometimes just letting things run to see if it would arise spontaneously, sometimes arranging things so that life was impossible but other kinds and types of bizarrely fabulous complication were enabled.

Some of the universes possessed just one tiny but significant alteration, leading to some subtle twist in the way things worked, while others were so wildly, aberrantly different it could take a perfectly first-rate Mind the human equivalent of years of intense thought even to find the one tenuously familiar strand of recognisable reality that would allow it to translate the rest into comprehensibility. Between those extremes lay an infinitude of universes of unutterable fascination, consummate joy and absolute enlightenment. All that humanity knew and could understand, every single aspect, known, guessed at and hoped for in and of the universe was like a mean and base mud hut compared to the vast, glittering cloud-high palace of monumentally exquisite proportions and prodigious riches that was the metamathical realm. Within the infinities raised to the power of infinities that those metamathical rules provided, the Minds built their immense pleasure-domes of rhapsodic philosophical ecstasy.

That was where they lived. That was their home. When they weren't running ships, meddling with alien civilisations or planning the future course of the Culture itself, the Minds existed in those fantastic virtual realities, sojourning beyondward into the multi-dimensioned geographies of their unleashed imaginations, vanishingly far away from the single limited point that was reality.

The Minds had long ago come up with a proper name for it; they called it the Irreal, but they thought of it as Infinite Fun. That was what they really knew it as. The Land of Infinite Fun.

It did the experience pathetically little justice.

I think that is my idea of heaven - it would be sort of like doing maths with brain orders of magnitude more complex than my own.

Grand unified blog

Friday, May 9th, 2008

I've incorporated all my old website pages (many of which were woefully out of date) into this blog, thus giving me an excuse to leave them out of date (nobody expects old blog posts to be kept up-to-date). There were 80 of them which is more than I would have guessed.

I have no idea when some of the pages were created, so I figured it out the best I could. Please ignore any temporal anomalies you might run into here. Some of the page dates I was able to figure out by looking at the timestamps of images that I created for the page but for a lot of them the only clue was the page's timestamp. So a lot of the pages ended up on the 12th of July 2000, which is probably when I last changed the website's background.

One nice thing about using WordPress for everything is that now (or at least once I update the old pages to redirect to the corresponding blog pages) the entire site validates as XHTML 1.0 Transitional! Woo-hoo standards compliance!

I might still go back and edit old posts from time to time. Hey, it's my website - I can do what I like with it. I'll try to remember to delete any comments that such edits render incorrect. So if you notice a broken link, spelling mistake, factual error or some other update which you think I should make to an old post, feel free to comment on the post in question.